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The book describes the events that took place in the first half of the 17th century, when the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks defended their rights. Taras Bulba is a grown man, a Cossack colonel meets his sons. She finished her studies and returned home, her mother is glad of their arrival, Taras makes fun of them and rejoices at how strong sons he grew up with. However, Taras wants his children to know what struggle, courage and honor are. And he decides to send them to the Zaporizhzh...

Dead Souls is a unique novel that has become a unique standard of ironic prose for Russian literature. The story of the ingenious businessman Chichikov, buying up the „dead souls” of serfs in a remote province, still impresses with its modernity and subtle humor.

A unique poetic work, about which historians and critics, philosophers and even adherents of various mystical and esoteric teachings are desperately arguing about. Hell is a colossal funnel of concentric circles, the tapering end of which is adjacent to the center of the earth. Having passed the threshold of hell, in which the souls of indecisive, insignificant people dwell, they enter the first circle of hell – the limb. In the earthly paradise, Dante meets Beatrice, seated ...

A short story about an unhappy involuntary marriage. Family quarrels, like bad weather in the Russian wilderness: there is nothing worse than becoming an involuntary captive of a blizzard of someone else’s spousal abuse. The main character of the story is an ordinary woman with an unfortunate fate. All its features consist only in youth and attractive appearance, and in the still alive soul, which writhes under the weight of the cargo that has landed on it and stubbornly does...

The story of a boy Egor, who goes from his home to a gymnasium located in another city. This trip is the last event before the start of a new life away from mother and familiar places. Nothing unexpected happens on the way, but at the same time, there is a constant change of landscapes and moons of Egor, meetings with new people, both ordinary and of noble origin. The boy is a witness to the life of people whose path also lies through the steppe.

The theme of the „little man”, which appeared in many of Chekhov’s short stories, was also touched on in the novel „My Life”. The main character, Misail Poloznev, a nobleman by birth, becomes a simple worker. In order to live the way he wants, he breaks with his father. He is opposed to lies and hypocrisy, namely they, in his opinion, reign among the intelligentsia. The quote of the old house painter Radish: „Aphids eat grass, rust – iron, and lies – the soul”. According to t...

The book, which at one time produced the most ambitious scandal in the history of British literature of the XIX century. This is a book that was desperately admired and equally desperately outraged. The poem that shocked the foundations of the foundations of morality and morality of its era and gave the world one of the most famous literary heroes of mankind – a hero without whom neither Pushkin Onegin nor Lermontov Pechorin would exist.

Aristophanes, nicknamed the „father of comedy”, wrote in a different way than the first tragedies. He was troubled by everyday problems, rarely associated with the past. Gods also rarely appeared in his works, like the heroes of antiquity: the main role was given to contemporaries. If certain events of Aristophanes did not suit him, he made fun of them, or offered original recipes to change the situation for the better.

Old Philokleon was so addicted to attending court hearings that his son Bdelikleon locked him in the house and stretched a net around the house. He wants to ensure a quiet life for his father, but Philokleon does not at all want peace. He’s a cocky, like a choir made up of his old friends, judges, and he likes to convict. The choir appears on the stage in wasp costumes and tries to help Philokleon slip away, but Bdelikleon prevents this.

This bold statement by Euripides is an absurd premise on which the whole game depends. Women are outraged by the image of the female as crazy, murderous and sexually depraved, and they use the Thesmophoria festival as an opportunity to discuss a suitable choice of revenge, Fearing their abilities, Euripides seeks out his tragic friend Agathon in the hope of convincing him to spy on him and become his protector at the festival – a role that, of course, would require him to dis...

Knighs are not just equestrians: the whole estate was called in Athens – those who had enough money to keep a war horse. These were wealthy people, had small estates outside the city, lived on their income, and wanted Athens to be a peaceful, closed agricultural state. The poet Aristophanes wanted peace; therefore, he made the riders the chorus of his comedy.

Aristophanes is revered as the „father of comedy.” He wrote over forty works, of which eleven reached us. Centuries have passed, but the comedies of Aristophanes continue to live. The political events that Aristophanes criticized in his works have long faded into the past, but the author enjoys the inexhaustible comic ingenuity of the author, his wit and ingenious courage with which he derives the funny from everything that he touches.

The game begins with Praxagora leaving the house on the Athenian street before dawn. She wears a fake beard and men’s clothes, and she carries a cane and a lit lamp. A chorus of Athenian women enter one on one, all dressed in a similar costume. In order to be more convincingly courageous, some women developed tans and stopped shaving armpits. One woman brings a full basket of yarn in order to get the job done, as the assembly replenishes, to which Praxagora reports to her for...

The old farmer Strepsiad is in debt because of his son Fidippida, squandering money for equestrian sports. Strepsiad seeks help from a neighbor – the sage of Socrates; Having come to the „thought room”, where Socrates teaches young people, Strepsiad asks to teach him tricky speeches and evasions, which would allow not to repay debts. But Strepsiad turns out to be unsuitable for science, and then Fidippid goes to study instead

Pisfeter manages to convince the birds that their mission is to rule the world. According to his idea, the bird city of Tucekukuyshchyna is being built between heaven and earth; birds give wings to Pisfeter and Evelpid, Pisfeter becomes the ruler of the new city and puts into effect a plan whose goal is to take power from the Olympic gods. Birds intercept the smoke from the sacrifices that the gods feed on, persuade people to honor the birds as new gods and promise them prote...

This is the comedy of the ancient Greek comedian Aristophanes, the earliest of his plays that have survived to this day. Together with „Mir” and „Lysistrata” refers to the „anti-war” comedies of the author. It refers to a citizen who was so tormented by the constant wars waged by his state that he made peace on his own behalf with all his neighbors, and while the rest fought and endured hardships and poverty, he lived calmly, profitably traded – in general, everything to envy...

This is a comedy of the ancient Greek comedian Aristophanes. First introduced in 408 BC e., was later redesigned and put on the scene in 388 BC. e. in a contest with four more poets. Competition results are unknown. Put on stage for the second time, in a complete rework. This was the last play staged on the stage by Aristophanes himself.

An elderly wine grower Trigay, tired of the war and strife between the Greek cities, on a giant dung beetle goes to heaven to talk with Zeus. Arriving there, Trigay learns from Hermes that Zeus and the other gods are away, and instead of them, Polemos settled in the house of the gods. Polemos threw the goddess of peace Eiren into the cave and stoned him; together with the Horror that is serving him, he is going to „powder” the Greek cities in a huge mortar depicting a war....

A woman named Lysistrata, determined to stop the senseless war, gathers women from all over Greece in the square in front of the Acropolis of Athens. She offers them „until the men make peace – do not sleep with them, do not give them, do not touch them! „. With difficulty and after much debate and bickering, women agree. They take refuge in the Acropolis and do not admit anyone to themselves. The entire civilian population is divided into two camps: women and the elderly...

Poezje najsławniejszej poetki starożytnej Grecji, żyjącej na przełomie VII i VI w. p.n.e., uznawane są za mistrzostwo kobiecej poezji miłosnej. Safona prowadziła dom spotkań dla młodych, niezamężnych dziewcząt z arystokratycznych rodów. Zajmowała się ich kształceniem w muzyce, poezji i tańcu aż do ich zamążpójścia. Obdarzała swe podopieczne gorącymi uczuciami, którym dawała wyraz w liryce – przenikniętej radością wspólnego przebywania i smutkiem rozstań.

Wybitny epicki poemat rycerski pióra mistrza włoskiego renesansu Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), wydany po raz pierwszy w 1581 r. Jego akcja, nawiązująca formalnie do „Iliady”, opisuje ostatnią fazę pierwszej krucjaty: oblężenie i zdobycie Jerozolimy pod wodzą Godfreda de Bouillon w 1099 r. Brutalność wojny między europejskimi krzyżowcami i muzułmańskimi Saracenami nie daje nadziei na zawarcie pokoju. Bohaterowie obu stron dalecy są od wyidealizowanych wzorców rycerskich, wykaz...

Zbiór kilkudziesięciu satyr autorstwa Światopełka Karpińskiego wydany został w 1938 roku. Przedstawia codzienne oraz dosyć nietypowe zatargi mieszkańców przedwojennej Warszawy, które głównie mają swój finał przed sądem grodzkim. Znajdują się tu również opowiadania fantastyczne oraz pełen metafor obraz miasta nocą. Światopełk Karpiński to polski poeta i satyryk okresu międzywojennego. Do jego dzieł należy kilka zbiorów wierszy, takich jak „Ludzie wśród ludzi”, „Mieszczański ...

Władysław Szlengel to jeden z najważniejszych żydowskich poetów okupowanej Warszawy. Jako mieszkaniec getta zapisywał na bieżąco obserwacje z życia w odizolowanej przez Niemców dzielnicy żydowskiej, stanowiące niezwykłe świadectwo o czasie, miejscu i ludziach. Tomik „Co czytałem umarłym” powstał w styczniu 1943 roku, tuż po akcji wywózki społeczności żydowskiej do obozu koncentracyjnego w Treblince. Po wojnie tomik stał się jednym z manifestów literackich sztuki warszawskie...

„Dworzanin polski” to dzieło Łukasza Górnickiego, stanowiące parafrazę traktatu „Il cortegiano” Baltazara Castiglione’a. Jest to dialog pomiędzy takimi postaciami jak Wojciech Kryski, Stanisław Maciejowski, Andrzej Kostka, Aleksander Myszkowski, Jan Dreśniak, Stanisław Wapowski, Stanisław Bojanowski i Stanisław Lupa Podlodowski. Z rozmów, które odbyły się w 1549 r. na krakowskim Podgórzu, wyłania się obraz idealnego dworzanina, który łączy w sobie dobre maniery, pochodzenie...