Swann’s Way is one of the preeminent novels of childhood – a sensitive boy’s impressions of his family and neighbors, all brought dazzlingly back to life years later by the famous taste of a madeleine. The first volume of the work that established Proust as one of the finest voices of the modern age – satirical, skeptical, confiding, and endlessly varied in his response to the human condition – Swann’s Way also stands on its own as a perfect rendering of a life in art, of the...
Totem and Taboo is a work by Sigmund Freud in which he develops his theory of the origin of morality and religion. This is one of the most significant works of Sigmund Freud. This work is a large-scale and original, balancing on the verge of psychoanalysis, cultural studies and anthropology study of the characteristics of the psychosexual perception of a primitive man, a study still considered an absolute classic of psychoanalysis...
Do dreams make sense? Do they disguise our desires? What is the function of sleep? Sigmund Freud answers all these and other questions in this classic guide to the psychology of dreams. This book is required not only for psychology students, but also for all people who want to know the meaning of their dreams. After reading this book, you will understand that you look at dreams differently.
An exquisite novel in which times of action are mixed and intertwined, and the summer spent by the wealthy Ramsey family on the Isle of Skye turns out to be a kind of British „chronicle of lost time” – a fragile, almost idyllic time, doomed to be destroyed soon by the First World War. Children will grow up – someone will survive and grow up, someone will lay their heads on the battlefields. Small failures and grievances will be forgotten. The old house will be abandoned, the ...
The story of how women can prevent war when they are deprived of education, professions and the public sphere. The name „Three Guineas” comes from Wolfe’s reflection on whether she should support three different reasons for giving a guinea donation – this creature; a society to end the war, a campaign to support the restoration of the women’s college, and an organization to promote the employment of women in professions.
The action of the novel „Years”, one of the most significant works of W. Woolf, takes place over fifty years – from the 1880s to the mid 30s of the twentieth century. Victorian traditions are breaking down, cars and planes are appearing, the First World War is covering Europe... All this serves as the backdrop for the family saga – the history of the Pargiter family: Colonel Abel Pargiter, his wife, lover, seven children, their wives, husbands, numerous relatives...
The novel is about six friends who have known since childhood: Bernard, Louis, Neville, Susie, Ron and Ginny. After a few key episodes, their life appears from early childhood to the last days. As in most Virginia Woolf books, the plot as such is absent, it is entirely focused on the inner world of its characters, the flow of their thoughts and feelings, the whole story is an uncontrollable, bubbling flow, stream of thoughts, stream of life, stream of time.
From the first essay of volume: The Moment and Other Essays, a multi-layered portrait of a summer evening in the English countryside in the company of friends, we are delighted with Wolfe’s perception and her ability to articulate them clearly. A series of sensory descriptions – the rumble of an airplane, the night darkness of an night, the flight of an owl – give way to a thought no less important, even inconspicuous: „If you are young, the future truly lies like a piece of ...
A fascinating fantastic story about a beautiful young man Orlando, who comes from a noble family, is distinguished by intelligence and beauty, loves life, women, poetry and in general has a very impressive nature and subtle imagination, resists, as far as possible, the influence of light and gravitates to solitude. All the time he seeks the meaning of life and does not find it... One fine day Orlando wakes up... a woman – also beautiful and noble, also delicately sensitive an...
A woman looks at the mark on the wall and ponders the whims of thoughts and opinions; a series of couples is captured by nostalgia for their past as they stroll among the vibrant colors of Kew Gardens; the heron flies high above cities and towns, lakes and mountains, and below life continues in all its abundance; and blue and green are given in words.
Flush tells the story of the curious, determined boy Noah Underwood, his tough, persistent sister Abby and their unusual father, who defends everything that he believes is right. Papa Noah is imprisoned for drowning in the shoes of the Coral Queen Dusty Muleman casino. Noah’s father did not do this for any good reason, the true reason is that he thinks that Dusty discharges sewage into the ocean, where children swim and where marine life lives.
The author describes us only one day. One summer day of 1939. England. Between the Acts – plays devoted to the history of England and presented on the stage of the amateur theater, a drama of misunderstanding and alienation in real life of the main characters of the novel is played. Between acts, the ideals and hopes of people standing on the threshold of World War II are crumbling, the whole world is crumbling.
The beauty of „A Room of One’s Own” is that it serves as an example of peace of mind, which, as Wooolf insists, is the defining quality of all great artists. Her transparent and elegant essay is devoted not only to the necessary material conditions of writing, but also to the self-overcoming of the creator. Virginia Woolf, in her essay, talks about a woman’s right to work. The writer considers a centuries-old story during which a woman was only a silent shadow of a man....
„I had turned the corner at Thirty-fifth Street and was halfway down the block in my search for a number I had just taken from the telephone book when my attention was suddenly diverted by the quick movements and peculiar aspect of a man whom I saw plunging from the doorway of a large office-building some fifty feet or so ahead of me”.
The story of a strange, impenetrable, charming woman. Miss Hurd is certainly a very unusual person: „Miss Hurd in the garb of a working woman, and with a working woman’s bundle in her lap, but striking as ever in her appearance – possibly more so, –and as conspicuous among the mass of commonplace people surrounding her as she had ever been when clad in the habiliments of a lady and moving among persons of her own rank in life”.
Nie(do)czytane prezentują twórczość zapomnianych pisarek przełomu XIX i XX wieku: Walerii Morzkowskiej-Marrené, Józefy Sawickiej, Eugenii Żmijewskiej, Zofii Niedźwiedzkiej, Kazimiery Alberti i Marii Wardasówny, a także mniej znane utwory autorek zajmujących trwałe miejsce w tradycji historycznoliterackiej, takich jak Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Maria Kuncewiczowa oraz Maria Dąbrowska. Zawarte w książce studia koncentrują się na tych aspektach twórczości, ale i biog...
Doskonale przekonuje się o tym pisarka, Olga Małecka, która odrzuca zaloty jednego z nich i ściąga na siebie klątwę. Niedługo potem w życiu Olgi zaczynają pojawiać się idealni mężczyźni, których pierwowzory wykreowała w swoich powieściach. Przy ich pomocy demon próbuje doprowadzić do tego, by pisarka stała się jego własnością. Jednak ona nie zamierza się łatwo poddać i rozpoczyna walkę, której stawką jest jej dusza. Chociaż Asmodeusz czuje na karku oddech polującej na n...
Drzwi do mojego życia są zamknięte. Nie tylko dla innych, ale także dla mnie samej. Jestem Corinne Adams i nie wiedziałam, jak bardzo potrzebuję pomocy, dopóki ktoś nie wyciągnął do mnie ręki… To właśnie wtedy obudziły się wszystkie potwory, które czekały w uśpieniu na odpowiedni moment.Jak wygląda superbohater w świecie realnym? Jest wysoki, wysportowany, lubi pływać w lodowatym jeziorze i pilotuje śmigłowiec ratunkowy. Bez wahania niesie pomoc, kocha adrenalinę i uwiel...
Popularną pisarkę kryminałów – Różę Krull – zaczyna prześladować „cichy wielbiciel”. Z czasem jego wyrazy uwielbienia stają się coraz bardziej nachalne i irytujące.Róża próbuje ustalić tożsamość swojego fana. Kiedy wreszcie udaje jej się odkryć prawdę, zostaje aresztowana i… oskarżona o popełnienie morderstwa. Przed przyjaciółmi pisarki staje zadanie udowodnienia, że Krull jest niewinna. Nie będzie ono proste, bo wszystkie znaki na ziemi i niebie oraz niedokończona nowa powie...
Mary Earle’s mother passed away and then her father disappeared when she was very young. Now, after many years, being „adult” and not having her own money in her youth, she receives a rather large amount of money. Who wished this money and why? Of course, in this small town in Massachusetts there is a secret that happened many years ago!
The last part of the book includes a chase that ends with a terrible snowstorm. The problem with this is that the „twist” discovered at the end is what the reader will suspect long before Mr. Grice does. She explains in detail the heart and souls of all her characters – even Detective Grace.
The main plot of the story is a dying man and his will. Having no relatives, the man wants to give his money to someone worthy and resembling a woman whom he loved and lost too early. Most of the book is devoted to various actions of the characters, reactions and plans for this money – millions in the title. The book also has a love story.
A tall, elegant middle-aged woman sat in front of a mirror, and the finishing touches of her rich toilet seat young woman were kneeling on the floor next to her. The noted picture, and this is not from belonging to the wealth and splendor observed everywhere, but from the character of two persons who, although of completely different composition, and possibly belong to the two extremes of society, were both remarkable for their strength and individuality of expression, but al...
The poem in prose „Twenty-Six and One” is based on the writer’s impressions related to life in Kazan and work in Semenov’s bakery. Gorky considers the image of a tramp, revealing its negative qualities. The work tells about twenty-six bakers, attitude, feelings, the behavior of which is presented by the author as the attitude of one person. This is achieved by using Gorky a huge number of pronouns „we are all”
The stories, united under the name „Through Russia”, were originally printed by M. Gorky in various periodicals and collections. In the series of short stories „In Russia”. M. Gorky refers to the image of the „past in order to illuminate the paths to the future.” The writer reflected the harsh truth of the life of „little great people”, life-giving and decorating the earth with their labor.
Like Byron’s passionate sayings „sounding on the tones of a wild and completely unsophisticated melody”, this is Gorky’s crazy, unbridled, powerful voice when he sings about the „madness of the brave,” barefoot dreamers who are proud of their idleness, who have nothing and fear nothing who is cheerful in his suffering, but unhappy in his joy.
The novel „Mother”, one of Gorky’s most popular works, was based on the mass demonstration of 1902 in the city of Sormovo. Hence, an exciting plot based on real events, with a sharp political struggle, secret gatherings, searches, arrests, and the selfless heroism of the main revolutionary hero Pavel Vlasov. However, the central image in the novel is Pelageya Nilovna Vlasova, the mother of the hero, one of the most striking and exciting characters in Russian literature, symbo...
A collection of short stories by a popular and influential Russian author, the founder of the literary method of socialist realism and, possibly, the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century. He wrote short stories, plays, memoirs and novels that touched the imagination of the Russian people, and was the first Russian author to sympathize sympathetically with characters such as tramps and thieves, emphasizing their daily struggle with insurmountable difficulties....
The play is about a petty official Khlestakov, who does not stand out for anything special. He is traveling from St. Petersburg on business with his servant, they stop in one county town, where there was a rumor that the inspector will visit the city soon. Khlestakov, by chance and human imprudence, is mistaken for an auditor who decided to remain incognito. From that moment, all city officials are looking for an opportunity to stay in good standing, give him a bribe so that ...
The book describes the events that took place in the first half of the 17th century, when the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks defended their rights. Taras Bulba is a grown man, a Cossack colonel meets his sons. She finished her studies and returned home, her mother is glad of their arrival, Taras makes fun of them and rejoices at how strong sons he grew up with. However, Taras wants his children to know what struggle, courage and honor are. And he decides to send them to the Zaporizhzh...
The tragic story of a young burgher, who could not find an answer to his feelings and rejected by society, was instantly translated into other languages and gave rise to a series of sequels and imitations – the so-called Verterian. Over time, „Werther, the rebellious martyr” became one of the „eternal images” of world literature and introduced the sociopsychological phenomenon of „verterism” into European culture, associated with the melancholic mentality and the problem of s...
The scene takes place in 1832, just 40 years after the fall of the royal family and about 15 years after the fall of Napoleon. There are we have characters who are designed to fight, perhaps for the last time, to ask the royal family again. This book focuses on a specific area in France, not in France as a whole.
This volume includes two novels, „The Shadow of a Great Man” and „The Tragedy with Corosco,” as well as historical stories. The Romans, who conquered Britain several hundred years ago, received orders to return to their homeland, besieged by barbarian troops. And at that moment a British deputation came to the Roman governor to ask for self-government.
The book contains several topics: the relationship between a man and a woman before marriage, the betrayal of loved ones and their forgiveness, fathers and children. As the life stories of two women are almost the same, as Ivan tried to prevent the same end for Natasha. The breaking lives of good people because of unclean ones on hand.
In the book „The Double” Dostoevsky appears before the reader as a writer with an inimitable sense of humor. The author shows an extraordinary skill in describing comic episodes from life and makes the reader cheerfully laugh at the shortcomings of his characters and the comic nature of the situations. Before the reader St. Petersburg streets of the XIX century come to life, he will get acquainted with the mores of the inhabitants of St. Petersburg.
The protagonist in the novel is a young man of 19, Arkady Dolgoruky, the illegitimate son of the landowner Versilov and the peasant woman Sophia. From childhood, he almost did not see his parents. He was sent to a special institution for rich children, where he was always humiliated and called, a footman. And after graduating from school he receives a letter from his father, in which he calls Arkady to St. Petersburg, where the main events of the novel take place with him....
A unique poetic work, about which historians and critics, philosophers and even adherents of various mystical and esoteric teachings are desperately arguing about. Hell is a colossal funnel of concentric circles, the tapering end of which is adjacent to the center of the earth. Having passed the threshold of hell, in which the souls of indecisive, insignificant people dwell, they enter the first circle of hell – the limb. In the earthly paradise, Dante meets Beatrice, seated ...
This is a story of less than 100 pages, but in it Conrad demonstrates how many great writers do it, the simple and elegant power of short work. Here, a writer can briefly convey a compelling message in an economic way. The situation is in the southern seas, and we see that our narrator takes his first command near the Gulf of Thailand. A strange young captain finds refuge and harbors another man, and they make a strange friendship.
This is both mystery and romance; the latter creates one of the recurring difficulties in Conrad: it preserves the Victorian histrionic element, which sometimes may seem a little attractive. But overall, it is well read and much less burdensome than some of his novels. The Rover was Conrad’s last book and probably one of his most accessible stories.
Joseph Conrad’s Mirror of the Sea was a compelling read. From love to death, Conrad explains all this, using his life in the sea to match the human condition. The Mirror of the Sea is mainly about the adventures of Joseph Conrad when he was at sea. In the adventures described above, the author discusses the risks, struggles and dangers of sailing for sailors. While he and the crew sailed, they often encounter a great terrible storm. Sailors always run the risk of a storm, and...
Since this is not a very famous story, and most of the pleasure that it provides depends on the surprise that the highlight in the story will present to the reader. Winston Bunter, who registered as First Mate on Sapphire, a ship bound for Calcutta. His commander, Captain Jones, is described as an extremely unpleasant person, incredulous and capricious, who believes that sailors over forty are no longer suitable, and he always talks about ghosts and ways to contact them. Desp...
Prince Roman is a Pole who relinquishes his comfortable position in the aristocracy to fight as an unknown soldier, resisting Russian oppression. In captivity, he has every opportunity to avoid punishment, but he declares his unconditional commitment to the liberation of Poland. As a result, he suffers a quarter century in the imperial equivalent of the Gulag – Siberian mines in the ninth century, before returning to live in modest conditions in what should have been his own ...
Autorzy podjęli próbę udokumentowania w duchu socjologii gorącej ruchu pomocowego zainicjowanego w Polsce po wybuchu pełnoskalowej wojny w Ukrainie. W kolejnych rozdziałach prześledzone zostały procesy pomagania na granicy i dworcach, na zapleczach odpowiedzialnych za logistykę i organizację pomocy, w punktach recepcyjnych oraz prywatnych domach i mieszkaniach osób goszczących uchodźców. W opisie uwzględniono przestrzenne usytuowanie pomagania, jego cielesność i materialność,...
Tematem pierwszego numeru „Notatnika Literackiego” był debiut, tematem drugiego jest pożegnanie. Ale spokojnie, nie oznacza to, że po tak krótkiej przygodzie pismo znika z rynku. Wręcz przeciwnie – plany na przyszłość są, i to całkiem dalekosiężne. Inspiracją dla drugiego numeru „NL” stało się miejsce pamięci o życiu i dziele twórców angielskich, czyli Poets’ Corner w opactwie westminsterskim. Kilkaset grobów lub tablic poświęconych twórcom i twórczyniom literatury upamiętnia...
This book is a collection of some of Konrad’s reviews and writings. The collection is divided into two parts, primarily the sections „Letters”, its reviews. The second section is called Life, but this is only true in a limited sense. It contains Conrad’s views on some of the pressing political issues of the day. They range from the Russo-Japanese War and the question of the independence of Poland to the death of the Titanic.
This is an exciting saga located in the Indian Ocean basin, against the stormy backdrop of barely suppressed military operations between the Dutch and British merchant fleets, told by one of Conrad’s classic passages. After all, Freya’s unique perspective on the sharply etched nature is one of Conrad’s most piercing studies of how power hunger can lead people to greatness – or its opposite.
The tale begins, like many books about Konrad, with a group of travelers gathered together and exchanging maritime stories. Falk is subtle and minimalistic, and perhaps only the writer of the great Conrad can still do this; a calm, introspective story, which, however, is worth reading. This is a charming romantic tale in which Conrad’s usual gloomy, psychological fabrications, but evocative, but truly pedestrian story of a Marine... with a dark, primitive twist.
Self-deception regarding his wife, inflicted on the good-natured captain of the ship and the like. the willingness to succumb to base men on the part of the „painted woman”. It truly demonstrates how even those who find themselves in the most extreme situations of life can find redemption, albeit at a terrible cost. And atonement is a rare thing in Conrad. And just to make sure you understand it, the final image of the captain is someone left alone and hopeless, despite his g...
„A Smile of Fortune” is located on a beautiful island in the Pacific Ocean, on which the narrator, captain docked; ship suppliers are supposedly brothers who have not talked to each other for 18 years. One of the brothers, Ernest, is an assimilated citizen. He owes a lot of money, has parties, has taste and manners, and is trusted. He treats the half-blood servants as cruelly as the rest of the colonists. Another, Arthur, is an outcast, not because of his race or profession, ...
”A Personal Record” is the story of the design and manuscript of „Caprice Olmeyer,” Conrad’s first novel, as well as the story of his dream about the sea, and the story of his cousin who ate a dog, and the story of a beloved dog presented to his son, but above all, – the story of the novel „The Olmeyer Caprice”, and the strange prototype of the hero of this novel, and a few more words about the man who was the first reader of this novel. At the same time, „A Personal Record” ...
The Doctrine of the Mean is a text rich in symbolism and a guide to cultivation. The goal of the doctorine meaning is to maintain balance and harmony from the direction of the mind to a state of constant equilibrium. A person who follows the average is on the path of duty and should never leave it.
This is a collection of judgments. In „The Analects” the mystical layer is completely absent, as well as the natural-philosophical problems. Outwardly unsystematically arranged aphorisms are united by the theme of creating an ideal social order, which for Confucius is an expression of the Tao in the Celestial Empire. Its implementation is possible as a result of self-improvement of a person through familiarization with „writing / culture” (wen).
A short story about an unhappy involuntary marriage. Family quarrels, like bad weather in the Russian wilderness: there is nothing worse than becoming an involuntary captive of a blizzard of someone else’s spousal abuse. The main character of the story is an ordinary woman with an unfortunate fate. All its features consist only in youth and attractive appearance, and in the still alive soul, which writhes under the weight of the cargo that has landed on it and stubbornly does...
The story of a boy Egor, who goes from his home to a gymnasium located in another city. This trip is the last event before the start of a new life away from mother and familiar places. Nothing unexpected happens on the way, but at the same time, there is a constant change of landscapes and moons of Egor, meetings with new people, both ordinary and of noble origin. The boy is a witness to the life of people whose path also lies through the steppe.
The theme of the „little man”, which appeared in many of Chekhov’s short stories, was also touched on in the novel „My Life”. The main character, Misail Poloznev, a nobleman by birth, becomes a simple worker. In order to live the way he wants, he breaks with his father. He is opposed to lies and hypocrisy, namely they, in his opinion, reign among the intelligentsia. The quote of the old house painter Radish: „Aphids eat grass, rust – iron, and lies – the soul”. According to t...
Correspondence with Knipper is interesting not only as a chronicle of the last years of Chekhov’s life, not only as a valuable source of information about the first years of the Art Theater. Knipper took an exceptional place in Chekhov’s spiritual life in recent years, and letters to her most fully reflect his inner world in those years, to the extent that Chekhov generally considered it necessary to open this inner world to other, even closest people. In letters to his wife,...
The book, which at one time produced the most ambitious scandal in the history of British literature of the XIX century. This is a book that was desperately admired and equally desperately outraged. The poem that shocked the foundations of the foundations of morality and morality of its era and gave the world one of the most famous literary heroes of mankind – a hero without whom neither Pushkin Onegin nor Lermontov Pechorin would exist.
This story is about a girl whose family has lost everything. Despite his young age, Agnes makes an important decision for himself and his family to go to work as a governess. Those close, at first discouraging a young girl, but understanding her resolve, do not resist her impulse. The work of a governess is not an easy job, Agnes Gray on her way gets acquainted with the life, traditions and way of life of different families. Her students are not always obedient and diligent, ...
It can be seen from the book that at that time rhetoric was used to a greater extent in the courts, and Aristotle writes a lot about judicial speeches, how to convince judges and jurors, and sometimes goes into consideration of laws. Also, rhetoric was used in deliberative and laudatory speeches, in the modern century this is no longer so relevant. The second part of the book describes human passions. Aristotle, as always, in his style from all sides examined anger, mercy, sh...
The treatise is divided into 8 chapters (books), each of which is devoted to a particular topic. First of all, in the first book, Aristotle begins his concept with the very concept of „state”, since without understanding this term one can forget about further theory. In the second book, Aristotle undertakes to criticize the already existing theories about the state, namely the theory of Plato, Faley of Chalkedon, Hippodamus; It also analyzes and analyzes the states and their ...
The first part of this essay gives a general description of the term „poetics”. At first, Aristotle claims that any art is based on a mimesis, or imitation. Aristotle proves this by arguing that curiosity is peculiar to any person. In particular, the curiosity of observing all sorts of unpleasant things, for example, images of dead animals, and getting pleasure from it.
Aristophanes, nicknamed the „father of comedy”, wrote in a different way than the first tragedies. He was troubled by everyday problems, rarely associated with the past. Gods also rarely appeared in his works, like the heroes of antiquity: the main role was given to contemporaries. If certain events of Aristophanes did not suit him, he made fun of them, or offered original recipes to change the situation for the better.
Old Philokleon was so addicted to attending court hearings that his son Bdelikleon locked him in the house and stretched a net around the house. He wants to ensure a quiet life for his father, but Philokleon does not at all want peace. He’s a cocky, like a choir made up of his old friends, judges, and he likes to convict. The choir appears on the stage in wasp costumes and tries to help Philokleon slip away, but Bdelikleon prevents this.
This bold statement by Euripides is an absurd premise on which the whole game depends. Women are outraged by the image of the female as crazy, murderous and sexually depraved, and they use the Thesmophoria festival as an opportunity to discuss a suitable choice of revenge, Fearing their abilities, Euripides seeks out his tragic friend Agathon in the hope of convincing him to spy on him and become his protector at the festival – a role that, of course, would require him to dis...
Knighs are not just equestrians: the whole estate was called in Athens – those who had enough money to keep a war horse. These were wealthy people, had small estates outside the city, lived on their income, and wanted Athens to be a peaceful, closed agricultural state. The poet Aristophanes wanted peace; therefore, he made the riders the chorus of his comedy.
Aristophanes is revered as the „father of comedy.” He wrote over forty works, of which eleven reached us. Centuries have passed, but the comedies of Aristophanes continue to live. The political events that Aristophanes criticized in his works have long faded into the past, but the author enjoys the inexhaustible comic ingenuity of the author, his wit and ingenious courage with which he derives the funny from everything that he touches.
The game begins with Praxagora leaving the house on the Athenian street before dawn. She wears a fake beard and men’s clothes, and she carries a cane and a lit lamp. A chorus of Athenian women enter one on one, all dressed in a similar costume. In order to be more convincingly courageous, some women developed tans and stopped shaving armpits. One woman brings a full basket of yarn in order to get the job done, as the assembly replenishes, to which Praxagora reports to her for...
The old farmer Strepsiad is in debt because of his son Fidippida, squandering money for equestrian sports. Strepsiad seeks help from a neighbor – the sage of Socrates; Having come to the „thought room”, where Socrates teaches young people, Strepsiad asks to teach him tricky speeches and evasions, which would allow not to repay debts. But Strepsiad turns out to be unsuitable for science, and then Fidippid goes to study instead
Pisfeter manages to convince the birds that their mission is to rule the world. According to his idea, the bird city of Tucekukuyshchyna is being built between heaven and earth; birds give wings to Pisfeter and Evelpid, Pisfeter becomes the ruler of the new city and puts into effect a plan whose goal is to take power from the Olympic gods. Birds intercept the smoke from the sacrifices that the gods feed on, persuade people to honor the birds as new gods and promise them prote...
Ebooki to książki, których treść została zapisana w formie elektronicznej. Są nazywane również e-książkami, publikacjami elektronicznymi czy książkami elektronicznymi. Ebooki można odczytywać na komputerach i laptopach, ale są one przeznaczone głównie do czytania na urządzeniach przenośnych takich jak smartfony, tablety i przede wszystkim czytniki książek elektronicznych. Ebooki posiadające swoje pierwowzory w formie papierowej są jej odwzorowaniem. Posiadają wszystkie elementy obecne w „tradycyjnej” wersji, takie jak okładkę, ilustracje, spis treści, przypisy itp.
Niepodważalną zaletą ebooków jest to, że w odróżnieniu od drukowanej książki można w nich zmieniać rodzaj oraz wielkość czcionki, formatować tekst, a w zależności od posiadanego czytnika istnieje też możliwość wyszukiwania pojedynczych słów w tekście, dodawania zakładek i robienia notatek.
Ebooki są dostępne w wielu formatach. Najpopularniejsze z nich, będące standardem dla publikacji elektronicznych, to EPUB, MOBI i PDF.
To nowoczesny format będący standardem publikacji ebooków. Format EPUB umożliwia zmienianie wielkości fontu, co pomaga dopasować jego rozmiar do ekranu. Ebooki w tym formacie najlepiej odczytywać na urządzeniach posiadających ekran eINK (elektroniczny papier), chociaż można je odczytać także na smartfonie czy tablecie. Format EPUB jest możliwy do odczytania na komputerze, jednak do tego celu konieczne jest zainstalowanie właściwego oprogramowania.
Jest formatem ebooków wykorzystywanym przez czytniki firmy Amazon – Kindle (oraz na innych urządzeniach i programach dostępnych na rynku). Publikacje MOBI są zapisane w formacie Mobipocket, można więc pobrać je na dowolny sprzęt elektroniczny posiadający oprogramowanie umożliwiające odczytanie plików MOBI. Format ten jest oparty na języku HTML, dlatego jego wyświetlanie jest możliwe na urządzeniach mobilnych.
To format zapewniający taki sam wygląd strony jak w wersji papierowej – w tym formacie podział na strony jest sztywny. PDF służy do długoterminowego archiwizowania elektronicznych danych i może być odczytywany na większości komputerów, laptopów, smartfonów, czytników czy tabletów.
